Term+1+archives

Im a Historian. And I am concerned with the history of wind power. A wind turbine is a machine made up of two to three propellers. Wind turbines gain wind which then produces electricity, wind turbines are good for the environment they provide clean power and good energy.

wind power was first invented in 1888 by Charles Francis Brush, he was the first person to build and operate an automatic wind turbine. down below is a picture of the first automatic operated wind turbine, which was 60 foot tall and weighed 40 tonnes.
 * The History**

Wind turbines are being used all around the world these are some of the countries that use wind turbines the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Spain, India, France, China and Denmark its also being used in other countries.

How easily do you think our community would accept using this new energy source? the community would easily accept the energy source because it is a good energy source and it will help the communities electricity.

Wind turbines can produce a lot of energy, depending on the size of the wind turbine, the wind turbine can produce 10kw which can power a house, to 6w enough to power over 1600 homes.


 * Dangers of Wind Turbines:** "Accordingly to a doctor she's conducted research that suggests that people living close to wind turbines can have a wind turbine syndrome which is an illness with symptoms of sleeping disorders, heart diseases, panic attacks and head aches".


 * Picture of a modern day wind turbine**


 * Bibliography: [|http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kAx-VbqkO3IC&pg=PA24&dq=wind+turbines+how+they+work&hl=en&ei=JnWATbmcLojRcZiN6fMG&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CF4Q6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=wind%20turbines%20how%20they%20work&f=false]**
 * countries that use wind turbine- []**
 * cost of the enrgy source/wind turbine- []**
 * dangers of wind turbines- []**
 * google**

how much do wind mill cost? The cost of the commercial wind turbines varied from $1 to $2 million per wind mill. what capital investment must be made in order to star? WIND!

ENVIRONMENTALIST:

Wind power does not create any form of harmful wastes.

However some people complain about the constaint whirring of the turbines.

And some people believe them to be ugly.

Is it possible to make them look nicer, and still be as efficient?

Wind power does use Natural resources, but, the natural resource it uses is wind, so, what this means it is a clean source of energy, that uses a natural resource that is re-newable.

With such a clean source of energy, comes the the bad!

2 of the main species of animal that are at risk when it comes to wind farms are birds and bats!

Bat deaths at wind farms have been recorded all over north America.

Almost ALL wind farms in America and Canada have had recorded bat deaths at there farms.

The minimum bat death rate, thanks to the wind turbines, is 1-50 bats per turbine each year.

Birds are not as badly affected as bats are, however birds to get killed on account of wind turbines.

Most birds die from direct collisions into the blades and towers, guy wires and meteorological towers.

There is not much danger to the public, but there are some things Turbine workers and technicians need to be aware of- for there own safety!

Like Ice shedding, blade’s coming lose and getting thrown off the turbine, Hearing (Wind turbines do not really oppose a danger with hearing, as they do not make any weired or loud sounds that could damage ones ear- however a lot of people complain about the noise of the turbines- the whirring sound), Electromagnetic safety and Lack of certification for building the turbines- before if its not done properly, in the long run, there may be some great dangers.

Some disadvantages of wind turbines:

Some people find them not to be very nice looking.

Birds can get killed as they try to fly past or between the blades.

They can be easily damaged in storms.

They produce a wirring noise, which some people find annoying!

Wind farms are very, very expensive to build.

Resources:

[]

[]

[]

[]

Information learnt in class. W

Solar energy! Water: In many parts of the developing world solar energy is harnessed to pump water in remote areas. Solar energy is also used to power off-grid desalination plants. Industry: solar energy has been used frequently to power TV and radio repeater stations (automated stations that transmit signals). Because it is renewable, relatively affordable very reliable and requires little upkeep, it is also used to power lighthouses, buoys and aircraft warning lights on buildings and other structures. Heat: solar energy can be used to heat residential homes; many people use solar energy to heat their water supply and, particularly in Florida, their swimming pools as well. A photovoltaic cell is installed on the roof to collect solar energy and is used to warm a heat transfer fluid that is used to heat the water itself. Transportation: increasingly, solar energy is being used to power public transportation vehicles such as buses, trolleys and light-rails. Consumer products: small gadgets that require little energy, such as calculators and watches, often use solar energy. Recreational vehicles and some boating equipment may also run on solar energy =does solar energy produce harmful waste?= solar energy directly does not produce any harmful waste or polution but you could take into consideration the manufacturing of the solar pannels and machines.

=is solar totaly renewable?= yes solar is as long as we have the sun still in the sky it will not run out.

=1km tower!= i think with this it will have good and bad effects we will have more tourists but with the actual tower lots more renewable energy and cheaper energy but wait what about all the land it will take up will this be indangering wild life i couldnt find this out but as well as the bennifits we do have to look at the negitives like the animals and the massive amount of land being taken up and is it worth it?

media type="youtube" key="cLIiGTZxH5s" height="354" width="461"
 * Im a scientist and im displaying some of my studies about solar power, first, the source of the power is the sun which is the cleanest and most efficient power producer, as we can't fully harness the power of the sun we, at least, use what we can.**
 * You may take for granted but the light that comes out of the sun is actually ( normally wasted! ) energy, which we can harness down on earth with so called __Silicon Cells__ which is not the only way but the most used one.**
 * click on the video below to see how thes cells are made.media type="youtube" key="qYeynLy6pj8" height="510" width="640"**
 * One of the biggest attributes of this energy source is that it does not have any by-products, but we are still trying to make it more efficient as it does not use all the sun's energy.**
 * On a last note we, here in Australia, are one of the best places to build solar plants, being one of the dryest places on earth and with so much unused land this could be the next big thing to bring energy to our houses and factories.**

Biomass is the oldest source of renewable energy used since our ancestors learnt hoow to make fire. Biomass can cause pollution. Biomass can convert energy directly in the form of electricity or heat and then convery it to another energy source such as liquid bio-fuel or combustible biogas. Natural habitats may be affected because of the pollution and the damage thats biomass is causing due to it being a greenhouse gas, when you burn the biomass it can release toxic gases such as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide etc. We should use better energy sources such as wind and solar energy. Biomass is a greenhouse gas which can be a health and safety hazzard, burning the biomass can release a compound that can be hazzardous to your health. The consequences to using biomass is that it is a greenhouse gas and that is what can cause global warming.

BIOMASS SOURCES... THE INDUSRTY...



Biomass was discovered when man discovered fire. Biomass is made from plants and animals. It contains stored energy from the sun. Biomass is renewable, because it comes from trees and plants, we can just grow more.

When biomass is burned the chemical energy is released as heat. Biomass fuel is in wood that you burn. Brazil and the United States use the most biomass energy in the world. Our community would probably not accept using biomass because it's a green house gas and bad for the enviroment.

Geothermal power stations are not dissimilar to other steam turbine thermal power stations - heat from a fuel source. The working fluid is then used to turn a turbine, which in turn turns a generator to produce electricity. The fluid is then cooled and returned to the heat source.

geothermal energy :D Dry steam plants are the simplest and oldest design. They directly use geothermal steam of 150°C or more to turn turbines to make electricity. Flash steam plants pull deep, high-pressure hot water into lower-pressure tanks and use the resulting flashed steam to drive turbines.They require fluid temperatures of at least 180°C, usually more. This is the most common type of plant in operation today

Geothermal energy has the potential to play a major role in reducing Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions and decarbonising its electricity supply. The geothermal energy within five kilometres of the surface could provide enormous amounts of emission-free base load electricity. Geoscience Australia has calculated that if just one per cent of this potential energy could be tapped, it would be the equivalent of 26,000 times Australia’s annual power use. Currently there is only one commercial plant operating, at Birdsville in Queensland.

references: []. []

Geothermal energy is basically steam and heat which is created when water runs over hot rocks. The hot water and steam can be used to turn turbines and create electricity through a generator. People have been using this type of energy straight from the source – in springs for bathing and washing and cooking food underground. But if heat from beneath the surface is to feed electricity demands of cities and towns, it needs a bit of help. This is where the hot rocks come in, water gets pumped below the ground between 3 to 5 km or until it hits the fiery granite stone which is burning at around about 150 c. The steam or pressurised water is caught and brought up to the surface to drive a turbo generator. Geothermal energy is a good source of power because it is natural and has hardly any impact on the environment and costs close next to nothing once the plant is established.

As most energy sources, it has its downsides too such as hazardous minerals can be brought up to the surface with the steam; appropriate sights are often hard to find and the ones that are may one day run out.

Geothermal resources are being developed here in Australia. Geosciences Australia is in the process of finding sites for exploitation across the country.

Scientists are also investigating scenarios in which smaller hot rocks projects operating on temperatures of around 100 c could supply energy to populated areas. Using geothermal energy directly is more effective and efficient then converting it to electricity because it saves on heat loss. A company in Australia has been working since about 2001 to develop geothermal power in cooper basin which is situated in south Australia and also hunter valley which is in NSW. They hope to one day build a 40 mega watt power station in South Australia and aim to at one point connect to the national power grid.

-Lulu Ceyhan.

The source of hydroelectricity is the force of falling/flowing water. The turbine spins around from the great force of the falling water in the dam which is sent to the transformer for it to be turned into electicity. It's then sent to the power stations and is used in homes.

Hydroelectricity is a lot more better for the enviorment rather than burning fossil fuels.

The electrical generators, which are attached to turbines generate the energy and is used to power the electricity.

3. What are the by-products from this energy source? Answer:

4. Does this technology effectively utilize our natural resources Answer:

5. Is it possible to use this energy source in our area of the country Answer: Resources []

=// Hydroelectricity-The environmentalist //=

==== Hydroelectricity is an envrionmentally friendly renewable source of energy. It is very clean and produces no waste or greenhouse gases. Here is how it works: Water from the rain is collected and stored in a dam or lake. A large pipe transports the water in the dam to a turbine. The turbine has blades and the pressure of the water pushing against it makes it spin. The spinning turbine is connected to a generater which makes the electricity. ====

[[image:http://images-mediawiki-sites.thefullwiki.org/05/8/0/2/046057664694357.png]][[image:http://www.kidcyber.com.au/IMAGES/hydro.jpg]]
==== Most hydroelectric stations are located in dams and can also be found in rivers and near waterfalls. Hydropower can change the river environment and ecosystem. Fish population in these areas have been found to drop. ====

==== There are some dangers associated with hydroelectricity. If the dam that is holding the water collapses it can kill people and it would waste a lot of water. Therefore you should stay clear of hydroelectric dams and stations. There will be signs warning or the danger. ====

Hydro generators can start up and get to full power in little over a minute, which is really good because it saves time.
===// There are some bad things about hydroelectricity. For example Lake Pedder, a beautiful lake tucked away in the wilderness of south-west Tasmania was flooded under 50 feet of water in 1972 due to a hydroelectric scheme. Over time it has recovered but it will never be the same again. Lake Pedder used to have a unique light pink sand that was three kilometres long and about one kilometre wide. The sand was, sadly washed away when it flooded. //=== ====So, in conclusion I think that although hydroelectricty has some devastating results if things go bad it is a very good source of energy. It is particually good because it produces no greenhouse gases so we don't have to worry about global warming.====

References: [] [] [] [] []

__HYDROELECTRICITY__ __ECONOMIST__



==== Hydroelectric is a clean source of power. It generates no greenhouse gases and virtually no pollutants. Often the hydroelectric station is stuck out in the middle of nowhere where the minimal impact is healed by the environment. The point is that the environment can cope with a degree of trouble without any harm. If you exceed the limit then any extra pollution no matter how small will cause damage. ====

Constructing the station comes at a large cost. it costs about $30,000,000.
==== The environmental impact of constructing a dam can be huge. It may take many years for the environment to recover. If there is another source of pollution nearby that is already stressing the environment then it may never recover. ====

=//__**Hydroelectricity-Historian/Sociologist**__//=

To help Australia achieve it's 20 per cent renewable energy trarget, existing Hydro generation project must provide a solid foundation.

Hydroelectricity was probably discovered or invented by the Greeks, they were using wooden waterwheels as far back as 2000 years ago.
====In 1882 the United States built the first Hydroelectricity plant. A few years later dams were constructed on the river to create artificial water storage. ====

In USA 1882 the first water wheel used to generate electricity began operating.

The United States lead the world in the most used Hydroelectricity mostly because the U.S has it's high levels of technology and a wide range suplys of rivers. Canada, Brazil and China also produce a large amount of hydroelectricity. Due to lack of technology and money Africa and Southeast Asia can not use as much Hydroelectricity as the countries named above.



Our community would probably accept using hydroelectricity but only if it dosen't effect other renewablesources.

The energy produced in Australia by Hydroelectricity is a third of Australian homes or (in number) it would be 1,942,000 houses Australian wide.

Snowy Mountains scheme in Australia was begun in 1950 with the goal that was damming rivers in the high alpine country of New South Wales to creat a network of hydroelectricity plants. This took 25 years to complete at the cost of $820million. It consists of sixteen dams, seven generating plants plants and one-hundred and forty-five kilometres of tunnles and pipes.

Hydroelectricity dosen't effect peoples lives but it can cut down electricity for people who use solar energy. Hydro comes from the Greek word meaning water. With Australia's longest history of development in Tasmania and the Snowy Mountain scheme in NSW, hydro delivers the majority of Australia's renewable energy.

Australia's major hydroelectricity schemes are located in:
 * Tasmainia
 * Snowy Mountains
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">North East Victoria
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Ord River in Western Australia.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Hydro electricity is the largest renewable energy source globally, generating 16 per cent of the worlds electricity.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">This picture here shows the Hydroelectricity plant that is planted in rivers and dams.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Resorces:

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">[]

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">[|www.actewagl.com.au/education/Energy/RenewableEnergy/HydroElectricity/default.aspx].

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">[|www.actewogl.com.au/Education/energy/RenewableEnergy/Hydroelectricity/HistoryOfHydro.aspx]

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS

 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What is the source of power or raw materials for this energy source? **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Most hydrogen is made from natural gas. In the fuel cell hydrogen and oxygen are joined together to produce water and electricity.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">How is this source of power processed to harness the energy? **

A fuel cell operates like a battery. Unlike a battery, a fuel cell does not run down or require recharging. It will produce energy in the form of electricity and heat as long as fuel is supplied.

A fuel cell consists of two electrodes sandwiched around an electrolyte. Oxygen passes over one electrode and hydrogen over the other, generating electricity, water and heat.


 * What are the by-products from this energy source**?

A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, with water and heat as its by-product.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;">Does this technology effectively utilize out natural resources? **

Free hydrogen does not occur naturally in quantity, and thus it must be generated from some other energy source by <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[|steam reformation of natural gas] or another method

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[]

[]

BY BRIANNA CUPPER



Hydrogen fuel cells

The by-products of this reaction are electricity Water vapour and heat which are not harmful.

Electricity is produced in hydrogen fuel cells without emitting harmful wastes products.

No hydrogen & natural oxygen are renewable.

Hydrogen fuel cells do not use non-renewable resources, does not produce harmful by-products, does not harm anything in the environment. It does not harm people or animals. It doesn’t destroy where they live.

The only problem is that water vapour is a small greenhouse gas so it can contribute a small amount to global warming but most of the water vapour comes back to the ground as rain instead.

1.How much does the cost of this energy source compare to the current cost of fossil fuels in this area

Hydrogen fuel cells are not widely used because of the cost to build the cells.

The DOE(in Amieramer) is working toward shifting the U.S. energy supply from a fossil fuel- based source to hydrogen power. This work is being carried out to meet future energy demands for electricity and transportation. Developing hydrogen fuel cells offers many challenges in areas of infrastructure, the economy and technology.

. There's an economist at the hydrogen energy party and he's not afraid to speak his mind. "I hate to sound like a pessimist," says Tim Considine, professor of natural resource economics at Penn State. "But the simple fact is hydrogen is not economical, and it's unlikely to be for quite some time."

Currently, hydrogen fuel cells are costly to produce and are fragile.

2. What capital investment must be made in order to start and use this technology?

Fuel cells are generally priced in USD/kW, and data is scarce regarding costs. Ballard Power Systems is virtually alone in publishing such data. Their 2005 figure was $73 USD/kW (based on high volume manufacturing estimates), which they said was on track to achieve the U.S. DoE's 2010 goal of $30 USD/kW. This would achieve closer parity with internal combustion engines for automotive applications, allowing a 100 kW fuel cell to be produced for $3000. 100 kW is about 134 [|hp]. [|__[34__]]

3.Is there a potential to save money by using this technology over the long term?

NO Hydrogen is a proven fuel, but it is not used here because the infrastructure is considered too expensive..

4. Are there any beneficial by-products produced by using this energy source?

Yes the by products can be beneficial A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, with water and heat as its by-product. As long as fuel is supplied, the fuel cell will continue to generate power. Since the conversion of thefuel to energy takes place via an electrochemical process, not combustion, the process is clean, quiet and highly efficient – two to three times more efficient

5. Are any extra employment opportunities created by this technology?

Commercializing fuel cells and shifting from gasoline to hydrogen could generate 675,000 new jobs over the next 25 years, according to a Department of Energy (DOE) study sent to Congress last week. Commercialization would create jobs in manufacturing, assembly, fuel production, repair, recycling, construction, and at auto shops and dealerships nationwide.





Hydrogen fuel cells were first developed by Sir William Grove in 1839 in England.

He experimented on electrolysis which means using electricity to split the water into seperate parts; This will later be called 'fuel cells.' A fuel cell is hydrogen and oxygen together.

e.g:



A fuel cell helps to make electricity, water and heat. Fuel cells will continue to work as long as there is 'fuel' in this case hydrogen being supplied. Hydrogen produces hardly any pollutio, hydrogen is the simplest element and also happens to be the most plentiful in the world.

So far NASA has used this fuel source to fly their rockets and actually reach the moon carrying people, Some Japanese people use this energy source in their houses, people rarely use this for their cars, However they are assumed to become more popular because of the availabilty of the fuel source and the amount of pollution this fuel produces.

In Adelaide is the biggest part of Australia that is testing it at the moment and running experiments.

There was a person that rode around Australia on a motorbike that was hydrogen fuel cell powered.

This type of energy would be more than easy for people to accept because it is helpful to our enviroment.

This type of energy so far has helped us fuel rockets to get into space, thus letting us reach the moon and in future times we might even push further out into space. This technology helps warm people and run electricity and occasionally even power motors in our cars.

If this didn't give you enough information watch this video...

[]

RESOURCES:

[|www.ask.com]

[|www.wikipedia.com]

[|www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/tech/hydrogen]